India


 * __Part #1: __**

**__Indian Nationalism: Challenging the Raj and Winning Independence __** 1. Read 657-661 and 722-723 Outline notes Indian Independence - Make sure you relate events in India to major world events PAGES 657-661 **__India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj __** MAIN IDEA: The Nationalist Challenge in India was focused on alliances, and where a nearby region, Eygpt was a center for influencial center. � India (long before Africa) had been colonized � movements had arose in Asia began to make independence earlier than Africa � Burma and the Netherlands Indies formed associations to give their voice in political concerns. Because India�s size and their importance to British Empire, their movement challenged and European retreat that followed in other colonies later. � **Egypt was an influential center of nationalist organization and resistance ** (pre-WW1 era) � **Key themes ** � the lead taken by Western-educated elites, the importance of charismatic leaders in spread of anti-colonial struggle to the peasant urban masses, and reliance on nonviolent forms of protest (were repeating again) � **Nationalist Congress party ** : O led by the Indians to independence and governed through most of the early decades of the postcolonial era � **grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians ** (originally more like study groups than political organizations) o **centered around Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras **

� 1855: party had a number of high-ranking British officials High ranking in Roj Educated elite

**__ Social Foundations of a Mass Movement __** MAIN IDEA: The Indian population was drawn into nationalist ideals because they were influenced by their unset feelings for certain issues, such as the unfair treatment they received from Britain and the poverty and food shortages that were taking place. � ** large amount of the Indian population is drawn into nationalist community ** � more than a century of B. rule had generated in many areas of India social and economic disruptions (which sorted of discontent disruptions and the sort of discontent that produced large # of recruits for nationalist campaigns   � ** upset about inequalities and general loss to the Indian people resulted from the �drain� of Indian resources **   � whenever possible � the goods (such as railroads and etc) were manufactured in G.B    � need for the G.B economy often dictated politics (to push Indian peasants toward cash crops) � such as **cotton, jute, and indigo**

**__ The Rise of Militant Nationalism __** MAIN IDEA: With the rise of nationalist, there was a rise of violent acts and nationalist movements, which involved some terrorist movements arising such as the ones that targeted British officials and association. � some issues stressed were to build a mass base = great appeal for devoted Hindus � there was **a split in the population**, but leaders (ex: ** B.G Tilak **) were **not concerned because they believed that since majority was Hindu (population) and nationalism appealed to the Hindu** � Tilak turned the festivals (for Hindu gods) into occasion for political demonstration � He persuaded Indians to serve in the colonial administration and military, and demanded full independence and threatened to violent rebellion if failed to comply � His oratorical skills and religious appeal made him the 1st nationalist leader with mass following � Another threat to G.B was Indian communalists who overthrew the colonial regime � Terrorist active in parts of India � British officials and gov�t buildings were major targets of terrorist associations plots

**__ The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle __** MAIN IDEA: The Indians were finding many ways to rebellion against the unfair treatment and unmet promises that were made to them by the British, examples were the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and people like Mohandas Gandhi. � India was the most important role in the war effort for all of British colonies was India � Indian soldiers bore the worse of the war effort from east Africa and Middle East � Wartime inflation affect all the segments of the population as a whole � After the war in 1918, moderate Indian politicians were frustrated because of British refusal to honor what they promised before the war � some independence (not full independence) � India was move towards self-government when conflicted ended � ** Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919) ** o Indians hopes for fulfillment of the promises were raised by this reform o Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level o Placed (most) provincial administration of India under their control � ** Rowlatt Act **: o Severe restrictions to Indian civil rights (ex: freedom of press) o These conditions helped fuel the local protest after the war � ** Mohandas Gandhi **: o Emerged as a new leader who soon forged local protest into a sustained all-India campaign against the policies of the colonial overlords o Most imp. Strategy of protest was � Satyagraha : truth force

PAGE 722-723 The Winning of Independence in South and Southest Asia -**Quit India movements** -**Muslim League**
 * India divides
 * Britsh intransigence led to collapse of Cripps's campaign vinder this movent
 * rallied to Britain cause
 * formed by former Congree partypolitican- **Muhammad Ali Jinnah** (won much favor in Britain in wartime
 * WW2: brought much disruption to India - similar to earlier conflicts

Nationalist w/ Tilak (drastic, and believe in aggressive tactics) - aggressive alienated moderates -radical

** ADD-ON (Class work): ** Reasons for Indian revolt: -Unfair treatment by British -Indian poverty and food shortages � WWI -Budget was going to army that is fighting WWI- � why? -extend of western education -14 Point: self-determination -British said they�d give them particle independence (said before WW1) but after they didn�t do so -Civil disobedience: break laws on purpose but do it in a civil way (not violent) � laws that are not just

__**Part #2**__

2. Complete a leadership analysis of Gandhi

3. Indian Identity An important theme in Indian independence is the idea of Identity. Different identities played a role in the British decision to partition India. Before developing connections between Nationalism and identity brainstorm answers to the following questions.

An Identity is something that defines a person, place, or thing. It defines who/what they are by putting together specific characteristics. Identities form when the characteristics of a person/place become open and The identity of a person defines who they are and defines what they are interested in, which shows who they would be associated with because they would most likely associate with people that they have stuff in common with. Conformity is conforming to others ideas or ways of doing things. Conforming like changing to fit in. For example, if a person changes religions because the people in that area are majority of another religion, so they conformed to society. Because society judges people on their identity in society and how people view them based on different factors. Society can be easily influenced by one another and group together to shun people out of society. People, especially religious, people base their thinking off of beliefs and culture that they are exposed to (influenced by). These attitudes create a basis for the person's way of thinking and views towards other people and toward society itself. It means that you conform to common ideas with other people and have formed a group of common interests, ideas, and/or beliefs, which help people feel as if they belong to socitey. Membership is defined by whether or not the people/person fit the critria of the group that they are trying to belong to, and whom is whether they fit the critia.
 * ** What is an Identity? **
 * ** How are our identities formed? **
 * ** How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others? **
 * ** What is conformity? **
 * ** How does a society decide who belongs and who does not? **
 * ** How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking? **
 * ** What does it mean to belong to a group? **
 * ** How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined? **

When you have completed the answers to the questions above, copy your answers and the questions (minus the ? mark) and paste them into a wordle. Put this wordle onto your wiki. Under your India page. media type="custom" key="8862394" width="310" height="310"

Next Complete an Identity chart for yourself based on your own interpretation of identity. The following link gives you an example of this. You could use mindomo.com or bubbl.us (bubbl = simple!) Identity Map Example

Mine: media type="custom" key="8864830" width="260" height="260"